State-Funded Preschool Expands Rapidly, But Funding is Unstable
State-funded preschool continues to be the most rapidly expanding segment of the U.S. educational system but in many states the commitment to early education is fickle: Funding is as likely to be cut as it is to be increased.
That’s the message of the authoritative annual review of state preschool programs produced by the National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER), based at Rutgers University. The report, The State of Preschool: 2006 State Preschool Yearbook, was just released.
According to NIEER, lack of stable funding poses an enormous problem for parents of young children and for society generally. State legislatures that would not think about cutting the number of first graders or reducing the budget for kindergarten appear to have little compunction about slashing preschool.
NIEER says that research clearly shows a high-quality preschool education improves later school success, employment, and earnings. It also has lessened crime and delinquency and unhealthy behaviors such as smoking and drug use. In economic terms, says the Institute, high-quality preschool has returned to the individual and the public up to $17 on every $1 invested.
NIEER began tracking state-funded preschool programs in the 2001-02 school year. The current Yearbook reports on the 2005-06 school year. Each state is ranked in three categories: access (how many children are served), resources (how much is spent per child), and quality (how many of 10 benchmarks for quality standards does each state meet). The project is supported by The Pew Charitable Trusts.
Twelve states had no state-funded preschool programs in 2005-06. They were Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
The launch of Florida’s Voluntary Prekindergarten for all four-year-olds in 2005-06 had a significant impact on the national picture. In its first year, the Florida program enrolled 105,896 children, but spent only $2,165 per child (35th of the 38 states with programs) and met only four of NIEER’s 10 quality benchmarks.
Nationally, total enrollment in state pre-K programs was 942,766, an increase of 130,709. Most states increased enrollment, but in nine states enrollment went down. Oklahoma (70 percent enrollment) and Georgia (51 percent enrollment) were the only states to serve more than half of their four-year-olds. In addition to being the only state closing in on universal enrollment, Oklahoma did so with high standards.
Total state spending for prekindergarten was nearly $3.3 billion, an increase of 13 percent from the previous year. However, inflation-adjusted spending per child declined in 25 of 37 states (Florida was new). In other words, real spending per child declined in twice as many states as it increased. Worse yet, nominal spending per child (without any adjustment for inflation) declined in 14 states.
After adjusting for inflation, funding per child fell to the lowest level since NIEER began collecting such data. In 2001-02, states spent $4,171 per child in today’s dollars; last year they spent $3,482 per child.
Sixteen states raised their quality standards enough to meet NIEER benchmarks that they had not previously met. Two states, Alabama and North Carolina, met all 10 of the NIEER quality benchmarks. At the other extreme, nine states failed to meet half or more of the benchmarks.
Programs that meet the benchmarks correspond at least roughly in their design to programs demonstrated to produce substantial gains in children’s learning and school success.
Key findings for 2005-06 are:
Access
–State prekindergarten served 942,766 children. Twenty-eight states increased their enrollments over the previous year. Nine states served fewer children, one state served the same number of children, and 12 states continued to serve none.
–Twenty percent of the nation’s four-year-olds were enrolled, up from the 17 percent served in the previous year and 14 percent served in 2001-02. This is a 40 percent gain in just five years.
–Only three percent of the nation’s three-year-olds were enrolled, virtually the same percentage served in 2001-02. Just five states reached even 10 percent of their three-year-olds: New Jersey, Illinois, Vermont, Kentucky, and Arkansas. Twenty-four states served no three-year-olds.
Quality Standards
–Alabama and North Carolina met all 10 of NIEER’s quality benchmarks. Six additional state preschool initiatives met nine of the 10 benchmarks: Arkansas, Illinois, Oklahoma, and Tennessee, as well as the Nonpublic Schools Early Childhood Development Program in Louisiana and New Jersey’s Abbott program.
–Nineteen programs in 16 states made policy changes that increased the number of benchmarks met by their quality standards.
–Twenty states did not require all state prekindergarten teachers to hold at least a bachelor’s degree. Eight of these states did not require any state prekindergarten teachers to have a bachelor’s degree. Ten states did not require all teachers to have specialized preparation in the education of preschool children.
Resources
–Total state pre-K spending grew by $380 million to $3.27 billion, a 13 percent increase. Florida’s new program accounted for 60 percent of that increase.
–Average state spending per child enrolled was $3,482 among the 38 states with programs. States varied greatly in their per-child spending. The top-ranked state–New Jersey–spent $9,854 per child. Three states spent less than $2,000 per child, and 12 spent nothing.
–Four states–Maine, Massachusetts, Ohio, and South Carolina–cut total funding for preschool education by more than two percent. California, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Oregon, and Texas also spent less in 2005-06 than the previous year after adjusting for inflation.
